INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESS + POLLUTION
CDC SYMPTOMS APRIL 27, 2020
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CDC SYMPTOMS MAY 13, 2020
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS CAN CAUSE FEVER & OTHER SYMPTOMS.
Noninfectious etiologies of fever or hyperthermia include autoimmune diseases, trauma, inflammatory conditions, environmental stressors, or drugs and may increase body temperature (see Frequent noninfectious etiologies of fever). Source
*Definition of "Environmental Stressors": "Pressure on the environment caused by human activities (such as generation of pollution)..."
- "symptoms such as irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, coughing, phlegm, chest tightness, and shortness of breath when particulate conditions are poor. If you have lung disease, you may not be able to breathe as deeply or as easily as you normally can, and you may experience coughing, chest discomfort, wheezing, shortness of breath, and unusual fatigue during periods of elevated particulate matter pollution." Source
- Several studies have already pointed out the harmful effects of particulate matter on the lungs and heart. In May, British researchers found a direct link between the inhalation of PM2.5 particulate matter and heart damage. Source
- "Fine dust now appears to be deadly in the very short term, American researchers discovered. Many people over 65 die one day after being exposed to particulate matter. Source
- Digestive problems: "exposure to particulate matter (PM) can trigger the onset of gastrointestinal disease... They found that the mice fed particulate matter for a shorter amount of time had altered immune gene expression, evidence of inflammation and heightened innate immune response in the small intestine and increased gut permeability. Gut permeability impacts in the lining barrier of the gut wall are thought to be one of the causes of IBD [irritable bowel syndrome]." Source
- "We found that an increase of only 1 µg/m3 in PM2.5 [fine particulate matter] is associated with a 15% increase in the COVID-19 death rate [in the United States]" Source
- "This evidence leads the authors to the hypothesis of a direct relationship between the number of persons infected by COVID-19 and the PM10 concentration levels in specific areas of Italian territory" Source
- "Controlling for population size, we find more viral infections in those areas afflicted by Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Higher mortality was also correlated with poor air quality, namely with high PM2.5, CO and NO2 values. In Italy, the correspondence between poor air quality and SARS-CoV-2 appearance and induced mortality was the starkest." Source
- "Our findings require confirmation but suggest that effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular diseases may be related to acute effects on cytokine expression, which may be partly mediated through effects of PM2.5 on miRNAs that regulate cytokine expression. Source
- "The absence of motor vehicle traffic and suspended manufacturing during the COVID-19 pandemic in China produced a unique experiment to assess the efficiency of air pollution mitigation. Up to 90% reduction of certain emissions during the city-lockdown period can be identified from satellite and ground-based observations. Unexpectedly, extreme particulate matter levels simultaneously occurred in northern China. Our synergistic observation analyses and model simulations show that anomalously high humidity promoted aerosol heterogeneous chemistry, along with stagnant airflow and uninterrupted emissions from power plants and petrochemical facilities, contributing to severe haze formation. Also, because of non-linear production chemistry and titration of ozone in winter, reduced nitrogen oxides resulted in ozone enhancement in urban areas, further increasing the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and facilitating secondary aerosol formation." Source
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- Nitrogen dioxide pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults. Source
- "High-dose exposure may convert Fe+2 [iron used by cells] in hemoglobin to Fe+3 [oxidative iron, toxic]... causing methemoglobinemia & impaired oxygen transport... Methylene blue may be necessary to treat methemoglobinemia " Source
- "We report the case of a cohort of 2500 French patients treated among others with methylene blue for cancer care. During the COVID-19 epidemics none of them developed influenza-like illness. Albeit this lack of infection might be by chance alone, it is possible that methylene blue might have a preventive effect for COVID-19 infection. This is in line with the antiviral activity of Chloroquine, a Methylene blue derivative" Source
- BTW: "COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells. People are simply desaturating (losing o2 in their blood), and that’s what eventually leads to organ failures that kill them, not any form of ARDS or pneumonia. All the damage to the lungs you see in CT scans are from the release of oxidative iron from the hemes" Source Source
- "Exposure to nitrogen oxides may result in changes of the pulmonary system including pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, emphysema, and possibly methemoglobinemia. Cough, hyperpnea, and dyspnea may be seen after some delay." Source
- "Damage to, and subsequent scarring of, the bronchioles may result in a life-threatening episode several weeks following exposure involving cough, rapid, shallow breathing, rapid heartbeat, and inadequate oxygenation of the tissues." Source
- Obstruction of the bronchioles may develop days to weeks after severe exposure. Patients suffer malaise, weakness, fever, chills, progressive shortness of breath, cough, hemorrhage of the lungs or bronchioles, blue or purple coloring of the skin, and respiratory failure. Source
- "We found that the levels of some markers of poor air quality, nitrogen oxides and ozone, are associated with COVID-19 lethality in different English regions. We conclude that the levels of some air pollutants are linked to COVID-19 cases and morbidity." Source
- "The analysis demonstrated a strong correlation (R2>0.7) between increment in air pollution and an increase in the risk of COVID-19 transmission within 15 London boroughs. Particularly, strong correlations (R2>0.72) between the risk of COVID-19 fatality and NO2 and PM2.5 pollution concentrations were also found. [instead of transmission this could be showing that air pollution increases the likelihood of a false positive test]" Source
- "Nitrogen dioxide is thought to damage lungs in three ways: (1) it is converted to nitric and nitrous acids in the distal airways, which directly damages certain structural and functional lung cells; (2) it initiates free radical generation, which results in protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and cell membrane damage; and (3) it reduces resistance to infection by altering macrophage and immune function. Source
- BTW: "the core of the respiratory illness (COVID-19/SARS) associated with the coronavirus may be driven primarily by elevated PUFA [polyunsaturated fatty acid] in the blood and its peroxidation products. The virus certainly plays a facilitating role as its presence in the bloodstream triggers the stress response (HPA axis) and thus elevation of FFA [free fatty acids]. However, whether one will develop COVID-19/SARS or not seems largely determined by the amount of PUFA in the person’s blood and its peroxidation levels..." Source
- "When NO2 is inhaled by the patient, it oxidizes protective antioxidants within the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and triggers extracellular damage in the airways. The reaction of NO2 within the ELF triggers oxidative stress (OS), possibly leading to edema, bronchoconstriction, and a reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second." Source
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Video via @dannyroddy
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- "In this review we discuss the regulatory actions exerted by NO on T cell functions, focusing on S-nitrosylation as an important post-translational modification by which NO acts as a signaling molecule during T cell-mediated immunity. We also present recent findings showing novel mechanisms through which NO regulates the activation of human T cells" Source
- "On the basis of the results the authors propose that nitric oxide represents an additional signal for the induction of T cell subset response, contributing to the increasingly complex network of immune regulation essential for health and disease." Source
- "Previous studies have suggested that T-lymphocyte dysfunction might be attributable to nitrative stress induced by reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this manuscript, we explored this hypothesis and provided a direct demonstration of the inhibitory effects of RNS on human T-cell signaling, activation, and migration." Source
- "researchers also observed “strongly significant” regional air temperature anomalies and large-scale wind patterns that contributed to the incidence of [Kawasaki] disease. Burns said it is possible that a trigger of the disease could be carried by the wind." Source
- "The researchers found an association between hospitalizations for Kawasaki disease and ozone pollution for the summer months only, possibly because children spend more time outdoors in the summertime." Source
- "In addition, people with certain genetic characteristics, and people with reduced intake of certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and E, are at greater risk from ozone exposure." Source
- "Exposure to ozone may cause headaches, coughing, dry throat, shortness of breath, a heavy feeling in chest, and fluid in the lungs. Higher levels of exposure can lead to more severe symptoms." Source
- "Our data indicate that pre-exposure to ozone disrupts the protease/antiprotease balance found [& activating hemagglutinin ] in the human airway, leading to increased influenza susceptibility. Source
- " hemagglutinin are glycoproteins which cause red blood cells (RBCs) to agglutinate or clump together." Source
- " hemagglutinin are glycoproteins which cause red blood cells (RBCs) to agglutinate or clump together." Source
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- Lead can cause: Cardiovascular disease, Cerebrovascular disease, Chronic Kidney disease, Hemorrhagic stroke, Hypertensive heart disorder, Ischemic heart disease, Ischemic stroke, Neurological impairment. Source
- "Reciprocally, lead, cadmium, aluminum, and strontium interfere with normal vitamin D metabolism by blocking renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D." Source
- "a great body of evidence indicates that environmental aerosol pollutants reduce the effectiveness of sun exposure in producing vitamin D in the skin by absorbing and scattering solar UVB radiation" Source
- "Lead and cadmium are hepatotoxic and have been shown to increase viral activity..." Source
- "Two cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), displayed significantly changed transcript levels in the presence of Pb [lead]." Source
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